A. Christians in Asia Before the Arrival of the Portuguese

1. St Thomas Christians in India

a) Testimony of Nicolò de' Conti (1415-1439)

b) Syrian Document from 1504

2. Nestorians and Armenian Christians in Southern Asia (1508)

3. China: Accounts of Jews and Christians

a) Jews in Kaifeng: The Stele of 1489

b) Matteo Ricci on the Jews of Kaifeng

c) Matteo Ricci on the Remnants of Chinese Christianity (1605)

B. Vasco da Gama in India

4. Searching for “Christians and Spices” (1498)

5. Fictitious and Real Contacts with the St Thomas Christians

a) Visiting a "Church" in Calicut (1498)

b) Failure with the Samorin in Calicut (1498)

c) The Mission of Cabral (1500)

6. The Arrival of the Portuguese from an Arab Perspective

7. St. Thomas Christians on the Arrival of the Portuguese (1504)

C. Organisation of the Colonial Church

8. Portuguese and Spanish Patronage Mission

a) The Bull "Inter caetera" von Pope Calixtus III (1456)

b) The Practice of Patronage in the Philippines (1580)

9. Goa as a Political and Ecclesiastical Centre

a) The Raising of Goa to Seat of the Bishopric

b) Complaints About the Immorality of Settlers and Clergy

c) Position of Non-Christians (1522)

d) The Introduction of the Inquisition in Goa (1543)

D. Francis Xavier in Asia (1542–1552)

10. India

a) Goa (1542)

b) South India: The Paravas (1542-1544)

11. Southeast Asia : The Sultanate of Ternate

12. Japan

a) First Plans

b) Experiences in Japan

13. Plans for China

E. Contacts Between Cultures

14. The Philippines: Conversion and Demonisation

a) Magellan as Preacher (1521)

b) Filipino Religion as "The Work of the Devil"

15. Japan: Religious Debates Between Jesuits and Buddhists (1551)

F. Forms of Local Christianity

16. Southern India: Mass Conversion of the Paravas (1535–)

17. Ceylon (Sri Lanka): The Martyrs of Mannar (1544)

G. St Thomas Christians and the Portuguese Before 1599

18. Growing Alienation (1516–18)

19. Campaigns for the Latinisation of the St Thomas Christians (1550)

20. Forced Integration at the Synod of Diamper (1599)

A. Forms of Catholic Presence

21. Religious Orders in the Philippines

22. Jesuits at the Court of Mogul Emperor Akbar I

23. Persecution of Christians in Japan

a) Edict on the Closure of the Land (June 1636)

b) "Oath of Apostasy" (1645)

B. Strategies of Accommodation and the Dispute over Rites

24. Matteo Ricci in China (1583–1610)

a) Letter from 13 November 1584

b) Theory and Praxis of Accommodation

c) "The True Meaning [of the Doctrine] of the Lord of Heaven" (1603)

d) A Chinese Voice on Ricci

25. Roberto de Nobili in Southern India (1606–1656)

26. Indochina: Instruction of the Propaganda of 1659

27. China: Emperor K’ang Hsi’s Edict of Tolerance (1692)

28. Prohibition of Chinese Rites by Clement XI (1704)

C. Colonial Protestantisms

29. Trading Companies as Colonial Rulers

a) The Charter of the Dutch East India Company (V.O.C.) 1642

b) The Charter of the British East India Company (1698)

30. The English in Bombay (1698)

31. Life in the Dutch V.O.C. Churches

a) Language Problems of the Preachers in Ceylon (1750)

b) The Compulsion to Conform Culturally (1643)

c) Indonesia: Conflicts with the Colonial Authorities (1655)

D. Indigenous Forms of Christianity

32. Catholic Underground Churches in Ceylon

33. Autonomously Founded Communities in Korea (1784–)

a) "Peter" Seung Hoon Lee on the Situation in the Year 1789

b) Korean Underground Theology: “Essentials of the Lord’s Teaching,” by Chóng Yak-jong Augustine (ca. 1796)

c) The First Martyrs (1791)

E. Tranquebar 1706 and Its Consequences

34. First Lutheran Communities and Church Construction

35. Religious Dialogue with Brahmans

36. Conflicts with the Colonial Authorities

a) The Imprisonment of Ziegenbalg (19 November 1708-26 March 1709)

b) Slave Trade as One of the Controversial Issues

37. Prevented Publications: “Paganism in Malabar” (1711)

38. Ordination of the First Indian Pastor: Aaron (1733)

A. The General Situation Around 1800–1815

39. India: Decline of Catholicism (1815)

40. Ceylon: Collapse of the Reformed V.O.C. Church (1796–)

41. Conflict on the Admission of British Missions (1813)

a) Rebellion Against the So-Called "Missions Clauses"

b) The Charter of 1813

42. Reorganisation of Protestantism in Indonesia (1817)

B. Southern Asia: A New Beginning in Serampore (1800)

43. William Carey on Methods of Evangelisation (1796)

44. Bible Translations and Bookprinting (1811)

45. Foundation of the Serampore College (1818)

46. Ecumenical Visions

a) Relations with the St. Thomas Christians (1806)

b) William Carey's Plan for a World Missionary Conference (1806)

C. Mission as a Means of Modernisation

47. The School System

48. Medical Missions in China

49. Struggle Against the “Social Evils” of Hinduism

50. Burma: A Missionary at the Royal Court in Mandalay (1868)

D. Public Resonance, Non-Christian Voices

51. The Hindu Reformer Rammohun Roy (1772–1833)

a) "The Commandments of Jesus the Leader for Peace and Happiness" (1820)

b) "An Appeal to the Christian Public" (1823)

52. Religious Debates in Colonial Ceylon (1873)

53. Japan: Buddhist Voices on Christianity

E. Northeast Asia: Forced Opening

54. Karl Gützlaffs “Chinese Reports”

55. China: Forced Missionary Protectorate (1842–)

a) The Nanjing Convention (29 August 1842)

b) The Peking Convention of 1860

56. Japan: Slow March out of Subversion (1853–)

a) The Trial of a Foreigner

b) Forced Opening (1853-)

c) First Conversions (1865)

d) Repeal of the Anti-Christian Edict (1878)

e) Religious Freedom According to the Meiji Convention of 1889

57. Vietnam: Edict against the Christians (1851)

58. Korea: Protestant Beginnings (1884–)

a) Korean Christians in the Diaspora

b) The First American Missionaries

F. Indigenous Varieties of Christianity

59. Japan: The “Hidden Christians” of Nagasaki (1865)

a) First Contacts with Western Visitors (1865)

b) From their Scripture: "Beginning of Heaven and Earth"

60. Southern Asia: Migrants as Multipliers (1854)

61. China: The Taiping Movement (1850–1864)

a) The Vision of Hong Xiuquan

b) The Ten Commandments and the Lord's Prayer Among the Taiping

c) Taiping as a Grass-Roots Movement

d) Taiping China and the "Christian Nations"

A. Religious Revival and Political Nationalism

62. Religious Revival as a Pan-Asian Phenomenon

63. Hindu Renaissance in India

a) The Change of Public Opinion in India

b) The Goals of the Indian National Congress (1885)

c) Revival as an Inter-Religious Phenomenon

64. Rise of Buddhism in Ceylon (Sri Lanka)

a) The "Buddhist Catechism" from H.S. Olcott (1881)

b) The Situation around 1900

65. Japan’s Victory over Russia 1904–1905 and the Asian Elites

B. Attempts at Indigenisation in the Protestant Mission Churches

66. Programmatic Statements 67

a) Indian Christians and the Vision of an Indian Church (1908)

b) A Missionary's Voice from Ceylon (1908)

c) Characteristics of an Indigenous Church in China

67. Demand for an Indigenous Bishop (1899)

68. Christian Ashrams (1921)

C. Local Ecumenical Initiatives and Edinburgh 1910

69. Protests Against the Introduction of Western Denominationalism

a) Judgments of Indian Christians (1897-98)

b) The Mood around 1910

70. World Missionary Conference in Edinburgh 1910 as a Catalyst

a) An Analysis of the Situation in Asia

b) Message from the Conference on World Christianity

71. Edinburgh in Asia: The China Conference of 1913

D. Developments in the Catholic Area

73. Foundation of an Indian Hierarchy (1886)

74. Indigenous Bishops in China (1926)

75. Abolishment of the Oath of Rites (1939)

E. Ecclesiastical Endeavours for Independence

76. Ceylon: Petition for an Independent Indigenous Church (1878)

77. India: The “National Church of India” (Madras 1886)

a) Setting Goals

b) Account of an Assembly

c) National Church and Missions Churches

d) Indian National Church and Indian National Movement

78. Japan: Kanzo Uchimura’s “Non-Church” (1901)

79. Philippines: Aglipay’s “Iglesia Filipina Independiente” (1898–1902)

a) Aglipay's Manifesto of 21 October 1898

b) Unsuccessful Contact with Protestants

F. Topics of the 1920s and 1930s

80. Korea: Christians and the Independence Movement (1919)

a) The Independence Movement of 1 March 1919

b) Massacre in a Village Church

81. China: The Anti-Christian Movement (1922–1925)

82. India: Gandhi on Christianity

a) On Conversions (1920)

b) Western Christianity and the Sermon on the Mount (1921)

83. Tambaram 1938 as an Ecumenical Event

a) The "Rethinking Christianity in India" Group

b) Tambaram and the "Young Churches"

G. The Asian Churches During World War II

84. Japan: Forced Unification (1941)

85. Persecution of Christians in the Regions Occupied by Japan

86. India: Fear of Marginalisation

A. Churches and National Identity-Building: The 1950s

87. India: Church Union and Hindu-Nationalism

a) The South India Church Merger in 1947

b) The Religion Article of the Indian Constitution of 1950

c) Limitation of Missionary Activities

88. Indonesia: Monotheism as State Doctrine (Pancasila)

a) From the Preamble to the Declaration of Independence 1945

b) President Sukarno on the Five Basic Principles (Pancasila)

89. Japan: Japanese Christians’ Confessions of Guilt (1946)

B. Under Communist Rule

90. China: Christians in the People’s Republic

a) Mao Tse-Tung (1893-1976) on Religion

b) Chinese Christians in Overseas Missions (1949)

c) Expulsion of Foreign Missionaries

d) The Protestant "Three Self Movement"

e) Consecration of Bishops without Rome's Consent

91. North Korea: Kim Il Sung on the Sermon on the Mount

92. North Vietnam: Mass Flight of Catholic Christians (1954)

C. Developments in the 1960s

93. Sri Lanka: Nationalisation of Church-Run Schools (1961)

94. Burma: Buddhist Nationalism and the Churches

95. China: Christians During the Cultural Revolution (1966–1976)

a) Cultural Revolution as a Permanent Institution

b) "Reject Revisionist Religious Superstitions"

c) Closure of Churches and Religious Buildings

96. Korea: Sudden Church Growth

97. Indonesia: The Coup of 1965 and Its Consequences

D. Contextual Theologies and Pan-Asian Connections

98. The Second Vatican Council (1962–65) and Its Reception in Asia

99. The “Christian Conference of Asia” (1973)

100. The Concept of Contextualisation (1972)

101. Minjung Theology in Korea

102. Theology of Liberation and Asian Religiosity

E. Trends at the End of the 1980s

103. Political Liberalisation: Christians in China

104. The “Rosary Revolution” in the Philippines (1986)

a) Rebellion Against the Marcos Regime (July 1984)

b) The Ecclesial Broadcasting Station Veritas (February 1986)

c) Massive Demonstrations (February 1986)

105. Islamic Fundamentalists: Christians in Pakistan

106. Warning of Exaggerated Contextualisation (1982)

107. New Urgency of Interreligious Dialogue (1986)